buy custom Benefits of Non-Dividend Paying Stock essay

buy custom Benefits of Non-Dividend Paying Stock essay A non-dividend paying stock is the one that do not give interest to people who invest in it. Though this type of investment does not give interest on the capital invested, that does not mean that they are the worst investment ever. A person may decide to start a family business, which does not pay any dividend. However, with time the business can grow and become a major success. One of the reasons that can make a person invest in a non-dividend stock is the need by many people to be their self-bosses. The SP 500 is one of the non-divided stocks whose value has risen rapidly in the recent past (ADVFN. 2012). Primary factors affecting decisions of capital structure Ability of cash flow The business capacity to stabilize, generate cash inflows and promte certainity of such inflows influences the capital selection structure. It is important for a business to have stable cash inflows than average cash inflows. Growth and sales stability Rapidly growing firms need big amount of capital because the cost of floatation associated with debt is smaller than those in common stock. Company size The enterprise size highly influences the availability of funds. The debenture terms are more favorable to large companies. Control Directors who may need to retain control may not want to sell common stock for it may bring new voting investors who may make control hard. Risks of long term and short term loans Long-term loans despite the advantages have risks both to the lender and to the borrower. The lender has the risk of not being paid while borrower has the risk of paying more due to inflation, due to interest and even be tied by the long time payment. Weakness in managing my money I have a big problem in managing my money. Some time I may say that I want to limit unnecessary expenses but that is in vain. I always spend unnecessarily. This is a critical problem in not only my life but other peoples lives because it affects their capacity to save which implies that they live from pocket-to-mouth. The possible way to control this is to set a fixed amount of money to save every month and to stick to a consistent saving pattern whatever the circumstances (Jones Frank, 2007). Buy custom Benefits of Non-Dividend Paying Stock essay

USS Virginia (BB-13) in the Great White Fleet

USS Virginia (BB-13) in the Great White Fleet USS Virginia (BB-13) - Overview: Nation: United States Type: Battleship Shipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Drydock Company Laid Down: May 21, 1902 Launched: April 6, 1904 Commissioned: May 7, 1906 Fate: Sunk as a target on September 1923 USS Virginia (BB-13) - Specifications: Displacement: 14,980 tons Length: 441 ft., 3 in. Beam: 76 ft., 3 in. Draft: 23.8 ft. Propulsion: 12 Ãâ€" Babcock boilers, 2 Ãâ€" triple-expansion engines, 2 Ãâ€" propellers Speed: 19 knots Complement: 916 men Armament: 4 Ãâ€" 12 in./40 cal guns8 Ãâ€" 8 in./45 cal guns12 Ãâ€" 6-inch guns12 Ãâ€" 3-inch guns24 Ãâ€" 1 pdr guns4 Ãâ€" 0.30 in. machine guns4 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes USS Virginia (BB-13) - Design Construction: Laid down in 1901 and 1902, the five battleships of the Virginia-class were meant as a follow-on the Maine-class (USS Maine, USS Missouri, and USS Ohio) which was then entering service. Though intended to be the US Navys latest design, the new battleships saw a return to some features that had not been incorporated since the earlier Kearsarge-class (USS Kearsarge and USS ). These included the mounting of 8-in. guns as a secondary armament and the placing of two 8-in. turrets on top of the vessels 12-in. turrets. Supporting the Virginia-class main battery of four 12 in. guns were eight 8-in., twelve 6-in., twelve 3-in., and twenty-four 1-pdr guns. In a change from previous classes of battleships, the new type utilized Krupp armor instead of the Harvey armor that had been placed on earlier vessels. Power for the Virginia-class came from twelve Babcock boilers which drove two vertical inverted triple expansion reciprocating steam engines. The lead ship of the class, USS Virginia (BB-13) was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company on May 21, 1902. Work on the hull proceeded over the next two years and on April 6, 1904, it slid down the ways with Gay Montague, daughter of Virginia Governor Andrew J. Montague, serving as sponsor. A further two years passed before work on Virginia ended. Commissioned on May 7, 1906, Captain Seaton Schroeder assumed command. The battleships design differed slightly from its subsequent sisters in that its two propellers turned inward rather than outward. This experimental configuration was intended to improve steering by increasing prop wash on the rudder. USS Virginia (BB-13) - Early Service: After fitting out, Virginia departed Norfolk for its shakedown cruise. This saw it operate in the Chesapeake Bay before steaming north for maneuvers near Long Island and Rhode Island. Following trials off Rockland, ME, Virginia anchored off Oyster Bay, NY on September 2 for an inspection by President Theodore Roosevelt. Taking coal at Bradford, RI, the battleship moved south to Cuba later in the month to protect American interests in Havana during a revolt against the regime of President T. Estrada Palma. Arriving on September 21, Virginia remained in Cuban waters for a month before returning to Norfolk. Moving north to New York, the battleship entered drydock to have its bottom painted. With the completion of this work, Virginia steamed south to Norfolk to receive a series of modifications. En route, the battleship sustained minor damage when it collided with the steamer Monroe. The accident occurred when the steamer was pulled towards Virginia by the inward action of the battleships propellers. Leaving the yard in February 1907, the battleship installed new fire control equipment at New York before joining the Atlantic Fleet at Guantanamo Bay. Conducting target practice with the fleet, Virginia then steamed north to Hampton Roads to take part in the Jamestown Exposition in April. The remainder of the year was spent conducting routine operations and maintenance on the East Coast. USS Virginia (BB-13) - Great White Fleet: In 1906, Roosevelt became increasingly concerned about the US Navys lack of strength in the Pacific due to the growing threat posed by Japan. To impress upon the Japanese that the United States could easily move its main battle fleet to the Pacific, he began planning a world cruise of the nations battleships. Designated the Great White Fleet, Virginia, still commanded by Schroeder, was assigned to the forces Second Division, First Squadron. This group also contained its sister ships USS Georgia (BB-15), USS (BB-16), and USS (BB-17). Leaving Hampton Roads on December 16, 1907, the fleet turned south making visits in Brazil before passing through the Straits of Magellan. Steaming north, the fleet, led by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, arrived at San Diego on April 14, 1908. Briefly stopping in California, Virginia and the rest of the fleet then transited the Pacific to Hawaii before reaching New Zealand and Australia in August. After taking part in elaborate and festive port calls, the fleet steamed north to the Philippines, Japan, and China. Completing visits in these countries, the American battleships crossed the Indian Ocean before passing through the Suez Canal and entering the Mediterranean. Here the fleet parted to show the flag in several ports. Sailing north, Virginia made a visit to Smyrna, Turkey before the fleet rendezvoused at Gibraltar. Crossing the Atlantic, the fleet arrived at Hampton Roads on February 22 where it was met by Roosevelt. Four days later, Virginia entered the yard at Norfolk for four months of repairs. USS Virginia (BB-13) - Later Operations: While at Norfolk, Virginia received a forward cage mast. Leaving the yard on June 26, the battleship spent the summer on the East Coast before departing for Brest, France and Gravesend, United Kingdom in November. Returning from this excursion it rejoined the Atlantic Fleet at Guantanamo Bay for winter maneuvers in the Caribbean. Undergoing repairs at Boston from April to May, 1910, Virginia had a second cage mast installed aft. The next three years saw the battleship continue to operate with the Atlantic Fleet. As tensions with Mexico increased, Virginia spent an increasing amount of time in the vicinity of Tampico and Veracruz. In May 1914, the battleship arrived at Veracruz to support the US occupation of the city. Remaining on this station until October, it then spent two years in routine duty on the East Coast. On March 20, 1916, Virginia entered reserve status at Boston Navy Yard and commenced a significant overhaul. Though still in the yard when the US entered World War I in April 1917, Virginia played an early role in the conflict when boarding parties from the battleship seized several German merchant ships that were in the Port of Boston. With the completion of the overhaul on August 27, the battleship departed for Port Jefferson, NY where it joined the 3rd Division, Battleship Force, Atlantic Fleet. Operating between Port Jefferson and Norfolk, Virginia served as a gunnery training ship for much of the next year. After a brief overhaul in the fall of 1918, it commenced duty as a convoy escort that October. Virginia was preparing for its second escort mission in early November when word arrived that the war was over. Converted to a temporary troopship, Virginia sailed on the first of five voyages to Europe to return American troops home in December. Completing these missions in June 1919, it was decommissioned at Boston the following year on August 13. Struck from the Navy List two years later, Virginia and New Jersey were transferred to the War Department August 6, 1923 for use as bombing targets. On September 5, Virginia was placed offshore near Cape Hatteras where it came under attack by Army Air Service Martin MB bombers. Struck by a 1,100 lb. bomb, the old battleship sunk a short time later. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Virginia (BB-13)NHHC: USS Virginia (BB-13)NavSource: USS Virginia (BB-13)

Classic Airline's Marketing Problems Research Paper

Classic Airline's Marketing Problems - Research Paper Example The researcher states that if one look towards the marketing strategy of an organization then there may be a product, price, promotion, distribution, marketing research, sales and advertisements of the merchandise, which can be some of the most effective strategies.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strategy is more concerned with effectiveness rather than efficiency and it is the process of analyzing the environment and designing the fit between the organization, its resource and objectives and the environment†. Classic Airlines was considered to be fifth largest airline corporation in the world. It has a fleet of about 375 jets that operates in about 240 cities. It has over 2300 flights daily. It has spent about 25 years from inception and has occupied a large segment of the market and has grown like anything. It has employee strength of about 32,000 employees and earned about $10 million on a sale of about $8.7 billion. Though Classic Airlines is a profitable organization in recent years it is str uggling with the increase in cost and reduced customer confidence. Classic Airlines has been operating for last 25 years in the airline industry. It was a profitable business but in recent times it has started facing challenges regarding waning customer confidence and rising cost particularly of fuel and labor. The loyal customer seems to lose confidence and the other customers who used to travel frequently have started to be less frequent with Classic Airlines. This was a huge setback for them in terms of revenue. While going through the data one can see that for several months in the year 2003 and 2004, the company was running at a loss.

Argument Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Argument Analysis - Essay Example Lipsky-Karazs article is based on the premise that everyone wishes to know how Vera Wang went from fashion designer for Lothars on 57th street to the almost a billion dollars a year fashion power house that she has now become. She provides factual information to help her theme along by interviewing those whom she feels knows Ms. Wang best. These would be the people who saw her get her start in the business. People like fashion leader Michael Kors talk about seeing her when she was getting started in the business. Fashion editor Polly Allen Mellen also shared her insights into how Vera was shaped into the person she has become. Part of what makes this article an excellent and insightful read is that Ms. Lipsky-Karasz never tried to interpret her interviewees point of view. She simply told the story ad verbatim. No comments or suppositions. However, she did have an early â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† moment at the the start of the article, giving the reader a sense of fear for the little woman that was never to be given reason within the article. By using Ms. Wangs personal interview tidbits whenever applicable, the writer gives credence to any assumptions that she has made about Ms. Wang. Thus making her interpretations pertaining to the actions of the fashion goddess acceptable and effective in an overall sense. The author has obviously targeted the fashion conscious women of the world who look to Vera Wang fashions as part of their lifestyles. The article tries and succeeds in pulling its target audience into the frenzied and often crazy world of fashion that Ms. Wang thrives in and excels the most. Much as the article places a highly positive spin on Vera Wang the fashion designer and personality, it became quite obvious later on that the interview was turning into a fluff piece, without a negative comment ever being said about Ms. Wang. It is hard to believe that Ms. Wang had not made any

Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Essay In the first chapter he uses many cold, harsh adjectives to reinforce his description of Scrooge, wrenching, grasping, clutching, and this helps to give the reader a very negative attitude towards him. This way of writing, using words which associate to the mood Dickens wants to put across, is very unusual and I think that people reading the book find this stimulating and exciting. We can vividly see the blissful festivities of Fezziwigs party because Dickens uses the idea that lots of people can enjoy themselves dancing together, all the young men and women. Readers are able to apply this to their own memories of gatherings with family or friends, which makes it a piquant read. The happiness and togetherness of this party also allows us to compare jovial Fezziwig with unpleasant Scrooge because there is such a big difference in their characters. Dickens uses very inventive language to allow the reader to understand exactly the ideas he is trying to portray, Choked up with too much burying and this enables the reader to almost feel the atmosphere written in the book. He uses a simile to describe the way in which the Cratchit children react to Tiny Tims death, as still as statues and we can fully sense their shocking grief. We can see this is very different behaviour compared with their usual happiness, such as their excitement at Christmas, God bless us. The way he writes that the children were all in one corner gives the image of contraction and trying to find security by closing in together, which helps us to see these saddening representations. A Christmas Carol is very emotive. We have compassion for the Cratchit family and we are upset about Tiny Tims illness, but fear is also evoked from the reader because the spirits are so unnatural and powerful. We become very angry with Scrooge for being so parsimonious with his money, but we then gain sympathetic affections towards Scrooge as we see how he was badly treated in the earlier parts of his life. Using these contrasts, Dickens creates different moods throughout the book and the reader feels happiness and companionship as well as distaste and anger. As more emotions are aroused, the reader becomes more involved and begins to enjoy the book with more fascination. As well as these many advantages of the book, giving it the popularity it has acquired, there are also aspects which could reduce the popularity of the book. To modern people, the language may seem bizarre because it is a Victorian style of writing when people had more time to read the book and analyse it properly, because they were not watching television etc. People may find the descriptions and language Dickens uses in the book too complex, courses will foreshadow certain end, which makes it difficult to read and sometimes confusing. It seems almost impossible that the Cratchits can be so happy just because of the closeness between the family, even though they have so many problems with money. Again it is infeasible that Scrooges character and attitude to life could change completely overnight, but we accept this because we want him to change for the benefit of others. Charles Dickens shows that Scrooge was once a genuine and moral person, as a young man, when the first spirit recalls Scrooges earlier life, passion. We also see the reasons in Scrooges adolescence that could have made him such a bitter old man. This is because he is so deprived of love and we know this because Dickens gives evidence that the Father used to be cruel, kinder than he used to be. This gives us reasons to sympathise with him, and helps to believe he could have a good inner heart. He also has a very kind and loving nephew, Dine with us, which shows that there could be righteousness in Scrooges blood. These reasons all help us to believe that Scrooge can become a good man again, and support our acceptance of the joy and warmth at the end. A Christmas Carol is a book which contains many hidden meanings and the more it is read, the more interesting ideas we see in it. This is why people continue to create plays and films on the book, so people will understand the whole story fully and the main universal message, that we should be more charitable. There is also a lot of dramatic suspense in the book, because we ask ourselves so many questions. We want to know which aspects the spirits are going to show and how this will influence Scrooge. We hope that Tiny Tim will be able to gain strength to stay alive and we also want to know who the person in the graveyard is. All these confusing questions make the reader anticipate the ending of the book and this gives another reason for its continuing popularity. I like the way that there are many subtle details, which highlight the main idea and further encourage me to want to change my way of life, altered life. I enjoy the way he uses symbols and his own ideas to create an impact on the reader. For example the deprived children are a symbol showing the reader what will happen if Scrooge does not change his actions, Where angels might have sat enthroned, devils lurked. The angel and the devil are opposite symbols, which gives emphasis to the degraded children. I can also see that the book is very popular because Scrooge has now become a vernacular part of speech, when we say that someone may have a Scrooge like character.

Racism in Amistad, To Kill a Mocking Bird, and Telephone Conversation E

The texts To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee, Amistad directed by Steven Spielberg and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka explore the issue of racism. These three texts focus on prejudice, discrimination, bias, behaviour and attitude revolving around the issue of discrimination because of the coulour of ones skin and the cultural and social attitudes past on from one generation to another. Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel set in the southern states of the USA in the 1930’s, a time that is â€Å"Post Abolitionist†, however a time where the culture and social structure is still entrenched with racist attitudes and laws. Lee explores these issues in this setting when Ton Robinson, an African American is accused of raping a young white girl in a small town of Maycomb, Alabama. Racial attitudes are exposed when a lawyer by the name of Atticus Finch is asked to defend to the alleged rapist. Telephone conversation by Wole Soyinka is a poem which uses dialogu e between two people, one in a public telephone box and the other in a public telephone box and the other in a home in London, England to reinforce racial tensions, attitudes and class values. An intelligent, articulate and well educated black man seeking rental accommodation responds to a woman’s advertisement and is challenged by her about the colour of his skin. The poet explores this racial tension with the use of satire and perceptive dialogue. Steven Spielberg directs the film Amistad, and chronicles an incredible journey of a group of enslaved Africans who mutiny an attempt of their capture in order to return to their homeland. Their ship is seized and the slaves are brought to the United States to be charged with murder. Spielberg ensures that the responder is confronte... ...rom the love of his life. This is captured through the music by changing the music from a sorrowful sound to loud powerful music. These techniques used by Spielberg represent how the Negroes are just as human as any other person even though they are black in skin colour. Racism can simply be a mans fear of anything different, a fear of something he doesn’t understand. This fear is embedded or can be embedded in the attitudes reaching from one generation to another. It can be reinforced by ones culture, community and personal experience. These texts have explored all of the above areas and the responder can also appreciate that behaviour is a response to attitudes and the suffering, humiliation and destructive treatment of other human beings can at times be lessened or illuminated by the courage of one man and his or her determination to do what they think is right.

Air India Statutory Corporation. V. United Labour Union

Petitioner: AIR INDIA STATUTORY CORPORATION. Vs. Respondent: UNITED LABOUR UNION & ORS. The appeals by special leave arise from the judgment of the Division Bench of the Bombay High Court dated April 28, 1992 made in Appeal No. 146 of 1990 and batch. The facts in appeal arising out of S. L. P. 7417/92, are sufficient to decide the questions of law that have arisen in these appeals. The appellant initially was a statutory authority under International Airport Authority of India Act. 971 (for short, ‘IAAI Act') and on its repeal by the Airports Authority of India Act, 1994 was amalgamated with National Airport Authority (for short, the ‘NAA') under single nomenclature, namely, IAAI. The IAAI is now reconstituted as a company under Companies Act, 1956. The appellants engaged, as contract labour the respondent union's members, for sweeping, cleaning dusting and watching of the building owned and occupied by the appellant.The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 197 0 (for Short, the ‘Act') regulates registration of the establishment of principal employer, the contractor engaging and supplying the contract labour in every establishment in which 20 or more workmen are employed on any day of the preceding 12 months as contract labour. The appellant had obtained on September 20, 1971 a certificate of registration from Regional Labour Commissioner (Central) under the Act.The Central Government, exercising the power under Section 10 of the Act, on the basis of recommendation and in consultation with the Central Advisory Board constituted under Section 10(1) of the Act, issued a notification on December 9,1976 prohibiting â€Å"employment of contract labour on and from December 9,1976 for sweeping, cleaning, dusting and watching of buildings owned or occupied by the establishment in respect of which the appropriate government under the said act is the Central Government†.However, the said prohibition would not apply to â€Å"outside cle aning and other maintenance operations of multi-storeyed building where such cleaning or maintenance cannot be carried out except with specialized experience. † It would appear that Regional Labour Commissioner (Central) Bombay by letter dated January 20,1972 informed the appellant that the State Government is the appropriate Government under the Act. Therefore, by proceedings dated May 22, 1973 the Regional Labour Commissioner (Central) had revoked the registration.By Amendment Act 46 of 1982, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (for short, the ‘ID Act') was made applicable to the appellant and was brought on statute book specifying the appellant as one of the industries in relation to which the Central Government is the appropriate Government and the appellant has been carrying on its business â€Å"by or under its authority† with effect from August 21, 1982. The Act was amended bringing within its ambit the Central Government as appropriate Government by amendmen t Act 14 of 1986 with effect from January 28, 1986.Since the appellant did not abolish the contract system and failed to enforce the notification of the Government of India dated December 9,1976, the respondents came to file writ petitions for direction to the appellant to enforce forthwith the aforesaid notification abolishing the contract labour system in the aforesaid services and to direct the appellant to absorb all the employees doing cleaning, sweeping, dusting, washing and watching of the building owned or occupied by the appellant-establishment, with effect from the respective dates of their joining as contract labour in the appellant's establishment with all consequential rights/benefits, monetary or otherwise, The writ petition was allowed by the leaned single judge on November 16,1989 directing that all contract workers be regularised as employees of the appellant from the date of filing of the writ petition. The issue whether the activity is of perennial nature came to be considered for various courts and it was held that since it is a statutory liability, therefore the nature of work is perennial. As regards the status of workmen of contractor, it is held that the workmen of the contractor do not automatically become direct employees of the principal employer even where the registration/licence is cancelled or the contract is abolished.

Chapter 5 American Government

11. A plurality is more than half the votes cast. (false) -the state of being plural or numerous 12. A ward is a unit into which cities are often divided for the election of city council  members. (true) 13. An ideological party arises over a particular issue or crisis and soon fades away. (false) – they arise because of their beliefs on a matter and are long-lived. 14. Partisanship means membership in one of the major parties. (false) Partisanship is a noun meaning an inclination to favor one group or view or opinion over alternatives 15. hey bring people together to achieve control of the government. 16. divisive because if it wasn’t for the fact they need to eventually â€Å"make up† they would go their separate ways. 17. public officeholders , partisanship 18. inbred supported by the arrangements is a principle reason why challenging to the system. By minor parties. 19. Each of the parties have their own views, and each agree on weakness, religion, and othe r. 20. shared the same ideals, same basic, principles, and the same patterns of belief. 21. – federalist B- alexander hamliton and support constitution 22 a – civil war signaled it B one party domination 23 American political landscape – franklin Roosevelt election 24 The present era is known as the era of divided government. Neither party has consistently held on to the presidency. Congress is also usually controlled by the opposing party as well. 25- The four types of minor parties consist of the ideological parties, the single-issue parties, the economic protest parties and the splinter parties. 26. The Election of 1912 Roosevelt created The Progressive Party a. k. a the Bull Moose Party. Roosevelt beat Taft in electoral votes. 27 the president is the parties leaders 28. leader of the national committee 29. 1. Republican or demo. 2 split- ticketing voting 3. parties = open 4. changing of technology 31. yes because everyone has the own opinion and that is what the us is made up of.. everyone’s individual self’s. 32 minor parties aren’t even popular enough to vote and won’t even allow them to win. 33. commercials

Chinas Treatment of Its Growing Elderly Population

China's Treatment of Its Growing Elderly Population Chinas famous one-child policy had an aftereffect of creating a larger elderly population. Westerners often hear about how much regard the Chinese have for the elderly, but as China grows old, a number of challenges potentially await the emerging superpower. With this review of the elderly in China, better your understanding of how old people are treated in the country and the impact of a rapidly aging population there. Statistics About the Aging Population   The population of the elderly (60 or older) in China is about 128 million, or one in every 10 people. By some estimates, that puts Chinas sheer number of senior citizens at the largest in the world. It is estimated that China could have up to 400 million people over 60 years of age by the year 2050. But how will China address its masses of senior citizens? The country has changed dramatically in recent years. This includes the changing of its family structure. In traditional Chinese society, the elderly used to live with one of their children. But today more and more young adults are moving out, leaving their elderly parents alone. This means that the new generation of elderly people may not have family members to tend to their needs, as young people in the country traditionally have.   On the other hand, many young couples are living with their parents because of economic factors and not because of tradition. These young adults simply cannot afford to buy a house of their own or rent an apartment. Experts say family-based care is now impractical because most middle-aged children have little time to take care of their parents. So, one of the things the elderly have to face in 21st century China is how to live out their twilight years when their families cant take care of them. Older people living alone is not an anomaly in China. A nationwide survey found that about 23 percent of Chinas seniors over the age of 65 live by themselves. Another survey conducted in Beijing showed that fewer than 50 percent of elderly women live with their children. Housing for the Elderly Since more and more elderly  live alone, homes for the elderly arent enough to meet their needs. One report found that  Beijings 289 pension houses could accommodate only 9,924 people  or 0.6 percent of the population above age 60. To better serve the elderly, Beijing adopted regulations to encourage private and foreign investment in homes for the elderly.   Some officials believe that the problems facing Chinas elderly can be solved through combined efforts from family, the local community, and society as a whole. Chinas goal is to establish a support network for senior citizens that provides medical care and helps them avoid loneliness through scholarly pursuits and entertainment. The network would also encourage  senior citizens to continue serving society after retirement age by using the knowledge theyve acquired over the years. As Chinas population ages, the nation will also have to take a hard look at how this shift will affect its ability to compete on the world stage.

Ancestry DNA Tests for Genealogists

Ancestry DNA Tests for Genealogists DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a macromolecule that contains a wealth of genetic information and can be used to better understand relationships between individuals. As DNA is passed down from one generation to  the next, some parts remain almost unchanged, while other parts change significantly. This creates an unbreakable link between generations and it can be of great help in reconstructing our family histories. In recent years, DNA has become a popular tool for determining ancestry and predicting health and genetic traits thanks to the increasing availability of DNA-based genetic testing. While it cant provide you with your entire family tree or tell you who your ancestors are, DNA testing can: Determine if two people are relatedDetermine if two people descend from the same ancestorFind out if you are related to others with the same surnameProve or disprove your family tree researchProvide clues about your ethnic origin DNA tests have been around for many years, but it is only recently that it has become affordable for a mass market. Ordering a home DNA test kit can cost less than $100 and  usually consist of a cheek swab or a spit collection tube that allows you to easily collect a sample of cells from the inside of your mouth. A month or two after mailing in your sample, youll receive the results- a series of numbers that represent key chemical markers within your DNA. These numbers can then be compared to results from other individuals to help you determine your ancestry. There are three  basic types of DNA tests available for genealogical testing, each serving a different purpose:   Autosomal DNA (atDNA) (All lines, available for both men and women) Available for both men and women, this test surveys 700,000 markers on all 23 chromosomes to look for connections along all of your family lines (maternal and paternal). The test results provide some information about your ethnic mix (the  percentage of your ancestry that comes from Central Europe, Africa, Asia, etc.), and helps to identify cousins (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) on any of your ancestral lines. Autosomal DNA only survives recombination (the passing down of DNA from your various ancestors) for an average of 5–7 generations, so this test is most useful for connecting with genetic cousins and connecting back to more recent generations of your family tree. mtDNA Tests (Direct maternal line, available for  both men and women) Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is contained in the cytoplasm of the cell, rather than the nucleus. This type of DNA is passed by a mother to both male and female offspring without any mixing, so your mtDNA is the same as your mothers mtDNA, which is the same as her mothers mtDNA. mtDNA changes very slowly, so if  Ã‚  two people have an exact match in their mtDNA, then there is a very good chance they share a common maternal ancestor, but it is hard to determine if this is a recent ancestor or one who lived hundreds of years ago. It is important to keep in mind with this test that a males mtDNA comes only from his mother and is not passed on to his offspring. Example: The DNA tests that identified the bodies of the Romanovs, the Russian imperial family, utilized mtDNA from a sample provided by Prince Philip, who shares the same maternal line from Queen Victoria. Y-DNA Tests (Direct paternal line, available for males only)   The Y chromosome in the nuclear DNA can also be used to establish family ties. The Y chromosomal DNA test (usually referred to as Y DNA or Y-Line DNA) is only available for males, since the Y chromosome is only passed down the male line from father to son. Tiny chemical markers on the Y chromosome create a distinctive pattern, known as a haplotype, that distinguishes one male lineage from another. Shared markers can indicate relatedness between two men, though not the exact degree of the relationship. Y chromosome testing is most often used by individuals with the same last name to learn if they share a common ancestor. Example: The DNA tests supporting the probability that Thomas Jefferson fathered the last child of Sally Hemmings were based on Y-chromosome DNA samples from male descendants of Thomas Jeffersons paternal uncle, since there were no surviving male descendants from Jeffersons marriage. Markers on both mtDNA and Y chromosome tests can also be used to determine an individuals haplogroup, a grouping of individuals with the same genetic characteristics. This test may provide you with interesting information about the deep ancestral lineage of your paternal and/or maternal lines. Since Y-chromosome DNA is found only within the all-male patrilineal line and mtDNA only provides matches to the all-female matrilineal line, DNA testing is only applicable to lines going back through two of our eight great-grandparents - our fathers paternal grandfather and our mothers maternal grandmother. If you want to use DNA to determine ancestry through any of your other six great-grandparents you will need to convince an aunt, uncle, or cousin who descends directly from that ancestor through an all-male or all-female line to provide a DNA sample. Additionally, since women dont carry the Y-chromosome, their paternal male line can only be traced through the DNA of a father or brother. What You Can and Cant Learn From DNA Testing DNA tests can be used by genealogists to: Link specific individuals (e.g. test to see whether you and a person you think may be a cousin descend from a common ancestor)Prove or disprove the ancestry of people sharing the same last name (e.g. test to see if males carrying the CRISP surname are related to each other)Map the genetic orgins of large population groups (e.g. test to see whether you have European or African American ancestry) If youre interested in using DNA testing to learn about your ancestry you should start by narrowing down a question you are trying to answer and then select the people to test based on the question. For example, you may wish to know if the Tennessee CRISP families are related to the North Carolina CRISP families. To answer this question with DNA testing, you would then need to select several male CRISP descendants from each of the lines and compare the results of their DNA tests. A match would prove that the two lines descend from a common ancestor, though would not be able to determine which ancestor. The common ancestor could be their father, or it could be a male from over a thousand years ago. This common ancestor can be further narrowed down by testing additional people and/or additional markers. An individuals DNA test provides little information on its own. It is not possible to take these numbers, plug them into a formula, and find out who your ancestors are. The marker numbers provided in your DNA test results only begin to take on genealogical significance when you compare your results with other people and population studies. If you dont have a group of potential relatives interested in pursuing DNA testing with you, your only real option is to input your DNA test results into the many DNA databases starting to spring up online, in the hopes of finding a match with someone who has already been tested. Many DNA testing companies will also let you know if your DNA markers are a match with other results in their database, provided that both you and the other individual have given written permission to release these results. Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) When you submit a DNA sample for testing an exact match in the results between you and another individual indicates that you share a common ancestor somewhere back in your family tree. This ancestor is referred to as your Most Recent Common Ancestor or MRCA. The results on their own will not be able to indicate who this specific ancestor is, but may be able to help you narrow it down to within a few generations. Understanding the Results of Your Y-Chromosome DNA Test (Y-Line) Your DNA sample will be tested at a number of different data points called loci or markers and analyzed for the number of repeats at each of those locations. These repeats are known as STRs (Short Tandem Repeats). These special markers are given names like DYS391 or DYS455. Each of the numbers that you get back in your Y-chromosome test result refer  to the number of times a pattern is repeated at one of those markers. The number of repeats is referred to by geneticists as the alleles of a marker. Adding additional markers increases the precision of DNA test results, providing a greater degree of probability that a MRCA (most recent common ancestor) can be identified within a lower number of generations. For example, if two individuals match exactly at all loci in a 12 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last 14 generations. If they exactly match at all loci in a 21 marker test, there is a 50% probability of a MRCA within the last 8 generations. There is a fairly dramatic improvement in going from 12 to 21 or 25 markers but, after that point, the precision starts to level off making the expense of testing additional markers less useful. Some companies offer more precise tests such as 37 markers or even 67 markers. Understanding the Results of Your Mitochondrial DNA Test (mtDNA) Your mtDNA will be tested on a sequence of two separate regions on your mtDNA inherited from your mother. The first region is called Hyper-Variable Region 1 (HVR-1 or HVS-I) and sequences 470 nucleotides (positions 16100 through 16569). The second region is called Hyper-Variable Region 2 (HVR-2 or HVS-II) and sequences 290 nucleotides (positions 1 though 290). This DNA sequence is then compared to a reference sequence, the Cambridge Reference Sequence, and any differences are reported. The two most interesting uses of mtDNA sequences are comparing your results with others and determining your haplogroup. An exact match between two individuals indicates that they share a common ancestor, but because mtDNA mutates extremely slowly this common ancestor could have lived thousands of years ago. Matches which are similar are further classified into broad groups, known as haplogroups. A mtDNA test will provide you with information about your specific haplogroup which may provide information on distant family origins and ethnic backgrounds. Organizing a DNA Surname Study Organizing and managing a DNA surname study is very much a matter of personal preference. There are, however, several basic goals which need to be met: Create a Working Hypothesis:  A DNA Surname Study is not likely to provide any meaningful results unless you first determine what you are trying to accomplish for your family surname. Your goal can be very broad (how are all the CRISP families in the world related) or very specific (do the CRISP families of eastern NC all descend from William CRISP).Choose a Testing Center:  Once youve determined your goal you should have a better idea of what type of DNA testing services you will require. Several DNA Laboratories, such as Family Tree DNA or Relative Genetics, will also assist you with setting up and organizing your surname study.Recruit Participants:  You can reduce the cost per test by assembling a large group to participate at one time. If you are already working together with a group of people on a particular surname then you may find it relatively easy to recruit participants from the group for a DNA surname study. If you have not been in touch with other researchers of yo ur surname, however, you will need to track down several established lineages for your surname and obtain participants from each of these lines. You may wish to turn to surname mailing lists and family organizations to promote your DNA surname study. Creating a website with information about your DNA surname study is also an excellent method for attracting participants. Manage the Project:  Managing a DNA surname study is a big job. The key to success is in organizing the project in an efficient manner and keeping participants informed of progress and results. Creating and maintaining a Web site or mailing list specifically for project participants can be of great assistance. As mentioned above, some DNA testing labs will also provide assistance with organizing and managing your DNA surname project. It should go without saying, but it is also important to honor any privacy restrictions made by your participants. The best way to figure out what works is to look at examples of other DNA Surname Studies. Here are several to get you started: Pomeroy DNA ProjectWells Family DNA ProjectWalker Surname DNA Project It is vitally important to keep in mind that DNA testing for the purposes of proving ancestry is not a substitute for traditional family history research. Instead, it is an exciting tool to be used in conjunction with family history research to aid in proving or disproving suspected family relationships.

Levis Stadium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Levis Stadium - Essay Example The essay "Levis Stadium" talks about the Levis Stadium which serves as among the world’s best outdoor entertainment and sports venue. The Arena is a football stadium in the suburb of San Jose, San Francisco Bay area in Santa Clara, California. It is also a home to San Francisco 49ers. This stadium consists of hundreds of solar panels from three of the solar bridges connecting to the main parking area of the stadium. Therefore, the stadium is unique in the sense that it is a multi-purpose venue with fan experience and having a green technology as the prime priority. Tickets in the stadium sell massively, in the presale ticket requests stage. The monumental sellout of the tickets causes the price of the secondary market to record high, thereby most fans who fail to get tickets at the first sellout, the battle at exorbitant prices set by the brokers. The stadium has made strategic changes to ensure that ticket sell is fair enough to each fan. The current trend that the stadium uses to sell out its tickets is by online means. The online mail order design gives fans an equal opportunity to purchase tickets during sales. Efficiently, the design allows four-ticket limit for each ticket purchaser, as only one request made per person. Hence, the stadium has put a mechanism to combat the elusive ticket scalpers, having the fans as the key priority. Levis Stadium has magnificent and beautiful luxury suites and clubs seating. The stadium features some of the most innovative and world’s most modern facilities.